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| 美国博士生教育的学科结构变化与调节分析 |
| An Analysis of the Discipline Structure Changes and Adjustments in American Doctoral Education |
| 投稿时间：2022-05-18 |
| DOI：10.19834/j.cnki.yjsjy2011.2023.01.11 |
| 中文关键词: 美国;博士生教育;研究领域;结构 |
| 英文关键词: United States;doctoral education;research field;structure |
| 基金项目:江苏省教育科学"十四五"规划2021年度课题"中美工程博士培养模式比较研究"(D/2021/01/132) |
| 作者 | 单位 | | 王文礼 | 江南大学 教育学院, 江苏 无锡 214122 | | 马陆亭 | 中国教育科学研究院, 北京 100088 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 1990—2020年,美国按主要研究领域划分的博士学位获得者的数量和占所有博士学位获得者的比例都发生了很大的变化。其中,生命科学、数学和计算机科学、工程学3个研究领域的博士学位获得者的数量增长最快,物理科学和地球科学的增长速度和比例基本稳定,心理学和社会科学、人文和艺术学、其他研究领域的博士学位获得者的数量虽然小幅度增长,但是所占比例略有下降,教育学降幅较大。美国博士生教育的研究领域结构变化背后的调节机制主要包括政府宏观引导,高校自主招生,市场自发调节。当前我国也存在博士生的学科结构与社会需求不匹配的现象,为此我国应构建一个政府、高校和市场的协同调节机制,高校应根据社会需求、科技进步和产业升级及时优化博士生教育学科结构。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| From 1990 to 2020, the number of those with doctorates conferred in major research fields and their proportions among all those with doctorates conferred changed considerably in the United States. Among them, the number of those with doctorates conferred in life sciences, mathematics, computer science, and engineering increased fastest; the increase of the number of those with doctorates conferred in physical sciences and geoscience and the proportion among all those with doctorates conferred remained stable; although the number of those with doctorates conferred in psychology and social sciences, humanities and arts, and other areas of study increased slightly, the proportion decreased slightly; the number of those with doctorates conferred in pedagogy and the proportion decreased by a comparatively large margin. The adjustment mechanism behind the structural changes in the research field of doctoral education in the United States mainly includes the macro guidance of the government, the autonomous enrollment of universities, and the spontaneous adjustment of the market. At present, there is a phenomenon that the discipline structure for doctoral students does not match the needs of the society. Therefore, this paper suggests that China should develop a coordinated adjustment mechanism between government, universities and market, and universities should optimize the disciplinary structure of doctoral education in a timely manner according to the needs of the society, as well as to scientific and technological progress and industrial upgrading. |
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